CWDM4
CWDM, also called Coarse Wavelength-division Multiplexing, is a 100G fiber interface which can deliver distance up to 2km over duplex single-mode fiber. Defined by Multi-Source Agreement (MSA), CWDM includes Forward Error Correction (FEC) as a part of system design. Typically, the CWDM architecture needs a transmitter, a multiplexer, a de-multiplexer and a detector. When it works, the CWDM4 module transmits four 25Gb/s electrical data into four CWDM optical signals over a single-mode fiber and then multiplexes the signals for 100G transmission, and vice versa.
The DWDM technology shows its advantages in several respects. Firstly, it has fairly low power consumption. Compared with 100G FR, which also supports up to 2km transmission distance, 100G DWDM consumes only 3.5W. Besides, DWDM also supports Digital Diagnostic Monitoring (DDM) and has high compatibility.
PSM4
Parallel Single Mode 4-channels (PSM4) is a cost-effective solution for Data Center Interconnect (DCI) up to at least 500m over single-mode fiber with 12 fiber MTP/MPO connectors. Different from CWDM, PSM4 uses eight parallel single-mode fibers (4 transmit and 4 receive) for a point-to-point 100G transmission, each of which transmits at 25Gbps. In addition, the light source for PSM4 is a single and uncooled distributed feedback (DFB) laser. Usually, PSM4 requires a directly modulated DFB laser (DML) or an external modulator per fiber.
Apart from the common merits like high bandwidth and low insertion loss, PSM4 is also very cost-effective. Since PSM4 contains a laser, it doesn't require a costly Mux/Demux per laser like CWDM, which also simplifies the deployment and management of optical multiplexer/de-multiplexer.
Why Do We Need 100G CWDM and PSM4?
Generally speaking, the commonly used 100G interfaces are 100G SR4, 100G DR4, 100G LR4, 100G FR4, 100G ER4 and 100G ZR4, which are defined by IEEE standard. However, the transmission distances of these transceivers are either too short or too long for data center application. Just like 100G PSM4, 100G DR4 can also achieve a transmission distance of up to 500m, but it doesn't support 100G to 4x25G breakout application, and it also consumes more power. As for 100G LR and other interfaces, they are usually expensive and not very suitable for data centers that require 500m or 2km max reach. Under this circumstance, MSA-defined 100G CWDM4 and PSM4 can not only bring cost-effective solutions for data center applications but also support longer distances than 100G SR4, which is an essential solution for 100G Ethernet.
Similarity of 100G CWDM4 & PSM4
Media Type: Both 100G PSM4 and CWDM4 modules reach 100G transmission over single-mode fiber.
Lane count: Both PSM4 and CWDM4 modules achieve up to 100Gbps using 4 lanes (in 4 x 25 Gbps configuration).
Wavelength: Both PSM4 and CWDM4 modules use a wavelength of about 1310 nm.
Protocol: Both PSM4 and CWDM4 modules are defined by multi-source protocols (MSA).
Difference between CWDM4 & PSM4
| CWDM4 | PSM4 | |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber Count | 2 single-mode fibers | 8 single-mode fibers |
| Light Emitter | 4 CWDM directly modulated lasers | 4 integrated silicon photon modulators and one DFB laser |
| Multiplexer & Demultiplexer | 4 wavelength CWDM multiplexer and demultiplexer | No need |
| Connector | LC duplex connectors | MTP/MPO connectors |
| Transmission Distance | 2km | 500m |
Easy Deployment: When it comes to network deployment, PSM4 is superior to DWDM because it doesn't need to deploy optical multiplexer/de-multiplexer, which is more user-friendly and energy-saving
Cost-efficiency: As mentioned above, there is no need for PSM4 to use costly Mux/Demux for transmission, which can save some costs to some extent. However, the situation also changes when the link distance gets longer. As shown in the figure below, at the beginning, PSM4 costs less with a cheaper initial deployment. However, as the link distance increases, the price of PSM4 will be higher because it uses 8 fibers for transmission.
Conclusion
To sum up, both CWDM4 and PSM4 modules are suited for high-density cabling and favored by most data centers. But they also differ from each other in terms of price and management. Therefore, companies can make a suitable choice based on their actual link length requirements.
